Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences

The Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical care, was established in the month of October, 1992 and is one of the largest departments in the Institute.

The department of Anaesthesiology and Critical care has started with providing services to only four super specialties and a five bedded respiratory intensive care unit. Over the years, along with the development of medical sciences and expansion of the SVIMS, the department has grown to cater to the need of both the super specialty and broad specialty.

The department is having all the latest state - of - art equipment relating to Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. Clinical work load covers administration of anaesthesia and perioperative care to six super surgical specialty and four broad surgical specialty services apart from anaesthesia support for remote location that includes radiology suite, catheterization lab and electroconvulsive therapy. The department also runs a 15 bedded state of the art respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) with round the clock service for resuscitation and ventilator management.

Academic Activity: The department runs a MCI recognised post-graduation course with nine intakes per year. The department also runs academic residency programme (Post-Doctoral fellowship) in Cardiac, Neuro anaesthesiology and critical care (2 intakes in each per year) courses. The department facilitates training of BSc Anaesthesia technician students (12 intakes per year,8 semesters). The department is actively involved in hospital Code blue team and has AHA certified BLS/ACLS instructors. The department follows an integrated approach and standard protocols for patient care, education and research. Currently the department is focussing on simulation, outcomes research, airway management and community training in basic life support skills.

The department regularly organizes “BAPU” (Balaji Anaesthesia Postgraduate Update), a National level CME programme and/or a Balaji Gold medal oration to felicitate eminent faculty from anaesthesia fraternity on 16th October every year.

Biochemistry, the soul of medicine is an excellent and an ever growing discipline having extensive teaching and research activities. It encompasses a versatile knowledge with clinical correlation.

The first year students learn about the chemistry and biological aspects of medical biochemistry in their theory and demonstration and orient them towards health and disease by various problems based learning methodology.

By doing some routine clinical investigation in the practical laboratory, we are familiarizing the student to correlate; clinical finding in disease condition and the student are also oriented towards seminars, case studies and discussion in tutorial biochemistry classes.

By conducting internal examination and giving regular assignments the academic performance of the students are assessed.

Bioinformatics (/ˌbaɪ.oʊˌɪnfərˈmætɪks/ (listen)) is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, in particular when the data sets are large and complex. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret the biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for in silico analyses of biological queries using mathematical and statistical techniques.[clarification needed]

Bioinformatics includes biological studies that use computer programming as part of their methodology, as well as specific analysis "pipelines" that are repeatedly used, particularly in the field of genomics. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidates genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Often, such identification is made with the aim to better understand the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations, desirable properties (esp. in agricultural species), or differences between populations. In a less formal way, bioinformatics also tries to understand the organizational principles within nucleic acid and protein sequences, called proteomics.

Image and signal processing allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations. It plays a role in the text mining of biological literature and the development of biological and gene ontologies to organize and query biological data. It also plays a role in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in comparing, analyzing and interpreting genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the biological pathways and networks that are an important part of systems biology. In structural biology, it aids in the simulation and modeling of DNA, RNA, proteins as well as biomolecular interactions.

Biotechnology is "the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services." The term biotechnology was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms.

The concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock. Per the European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology is based on the basic biological sciences (e.g., molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology) and conversely provides methods to support and perform basic research in biology.

Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation, and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured, and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products). The utilization of biological processes, organisms or systems to produce products that are anticipated to improve human lives is termed biotechnology.

By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials directly) for interfacing with and utilizing living things. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells, and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals.Relatedly, biomedical engineering is an overlapping field that often draws upon and applies biotechnology (by various definitions), especially in certain sub-fields of biomedical or chemical engineering such as tissue engineering, biopharmaceutical engineering, and genetic engineering.

Cardiology (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and -λογία -logia, "study") is a branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of the heart as well as some parts of the cardiovascular system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery.

Specializations

All cardiologists study the disorders of the heart, but the study of adult and child heart disorders are through different training pathways. Therefore, an adult cardiologist (often simply called "cardiologist") is inadequately trained to take care of children, and pediatric cardiologists are not trained to take care of adult heart disease. The surgical aspects are not included in cardiology and are in the domain of cardiothoracic surgery. For example, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), cardiopulmonary bypass and valve replacement are surgical procedures performed by surgeons, not cardiologists. However, some minimally invasive procedures such as the cardiac catheterization and pacemaker implantation are performed by cardiologists with additional training in non-surgical interventions (interventional cardiology and electrophysiology respectively).

The last few decades have seen medical science, including cardiac science advance like never before in the history of mankind. On the other hand, modern life has brought about an increase in the life style diseases. At present, patients would be presenting with multi-system involvement and co-morbid conditions like chronic obstructive airway diseases, Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and many more which may make this group of patients unfit to undertake major surgeries. Here the concept of minimally invasive procedures or hybrid procedures could be undertaken to decrease the mortality, this involves a combination of medical /surgical skills and technology.

The staff in the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery have a patient centric approach to clinical practice and aim to bring advance form of medical health care to our patients, through high quality facilities ensuring the best outcome to patient care. We value all our staff and team work is what determines our future. There is an open communication between the patients and relatives and this results in effective and timely action which benefits our patient.

The Department of  Cardiovascular  and  Thoracic  Surgery (CVTS)  has an independent bed strength of   40 beds which are dedicated to preoperative  ward,  a well  equipped  postoperative intensive care unit and intermediate care facility. It runs  an  active  cardiovascular  and  thoracic vascular  surgical  program  which  entertains both routine and emergency procedures. Cardiac work comprises of both congenital and acquired diseases including  valvular, coronary and congenital except the transplantations. Approximately 500 Open heart Surgeries (OHS) are  performed  each  year, in addition to these a good number of closed cardiac procedures, thoracic and  vascular  cases (including  aortic  aneurysm)  are  being  done.  There is a good cardiological back-up with facilities available for round the clock invasive hemodynamic monitoring, echocardiography and also for coronary angiography, primary PTCA (per cutaneous coronary angioplasty), temporary pacing for complete heart block, Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC).  Cardiology department is well equipped with  the latest version of  echocardiography machine   having   biplane  transoesophageal  probe,  along  with facilities for color  flow  mapping,  several  computerized  ECG machines, computerized tread mill machine and two siemens cath lab.

The Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine are the ancillary departments which aid in clinical diagnosis of the patient. The Department of Radiology is well equipped with the state-of-art equipments such as 128 multislice CT scanner, Spiral CT scanner, MRI (1.5 Tesla). Besides the diagnostic work the department is carrying out routinely interventional work under CT and ultra sound guidance like biopsies, drainages, PCN, embolisation of tumour vessels as well as balloon dilatation The Radiology department is equipped with a number of fixed High Frequency Radiography machines incorporated with Computed Radiography (CR) system and Digital Radiography (DR) unit. 

Department   is the Nuclear  medicine  which deals with functional and  molecular imaging  with radio nuclide therapies using radio isotopes. There is a PET-CT Unit and High Dose Radionuclide Therapy facility.

To carry out the basic molecular research the Institute is backed up with the Department of  Biotechnology.

Community Medicine is the branch of medicine concerned with the health of populations. It strives to protect and promote the health and well-being of the community through the Primary Health Care approach

Health needs of populations are measured and appropriate strategies are developed to improve the health status of the community through health promotion, disease prevention and health protection.

Training in Community Medicine aims ate nurturing Primary Care Physicians who can recognize and mange common health problems in the community. The Community-oriented Primary care Physician will have the ability to identify, prioritize and manage the health problems of the community. He/she would be an effective leader of the health team at primary care levels.

The Community Physician demonstrates excellence in academics, health research, and leadership skills. He/she is instrumental in development of public health policy, design, implementation and evaluation of health programs and applies them to a broad range of community health issues.

Students of this subject will have to apply the knowledge they have gained in several areas of medicine for the benefit of the community. They are taught the preventive, curative and promotive aspects of every illness. They are also encouraged to involve in the community, during their Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internship (CRRI).

Department Mission

The Community Medicine Department is committed to educating medical students to be community responsive primary care physicians who meet the health care needs of the community and the country as a whole particularly the rural and medically underserved communities and to work constantly for quality improvement to make our Institution’s vision of “HEALTH FOR ALL “.

Department Goal

The goal of undergraduate teaching/training in Community Medicine is directed towards achievement of “HEALTH FOR ALL”. Aim of undergraduate training is to prepare the students to become Primary Care Physicians competent to handle & manage commonly occurring health problems in the community

Dental surgery is any of a number of medical procedures that involve artificially modifying dentition; in other words, surgery of the teeth, gums and jaw bones.

Types

Some of the more common are:

Endodontic (surgery involving the pulp or root of the tooth)
Root canal treatment
Pulpotomy — the opening of the pulp chamber of the tooth to allow an infection to drain; usually a precursor to a root canal
Pulpectomy — the removal of the pulp from the pulp chamber to temporarily relieve pain; usually a precursor to a root canal
Apicoectomy — a root-end resection. Occasionally a root canal alone is enough to relieve pain and the end of the tooth, called the apex, is removed by entering through the gingiva and surgically extracting the diseased material.
Prosthodontics (dental prosthetics)
Crown (caps) — artificial covering of a tooth made from a variety of biocompatible materials, including CMC/PMC (ceramic/porcelain metal composite), gold or a tin/aluminum mixture. The underlying tooth must be reshaped to accommodate these fixed restorations
Veneers — artificial coverings similar to above, except that they only cover the forward (labial or buccal) surface of the tooth. Usually for aesthetic purposes only.
Bridge — a fixed prothesis in which two or more crowns are connected together, which replace a missing tooth or teeth through a bridge. Typically used after an extraction.
Implant — a procedure in which a titanium implant is surgically placed in the bone (mandible or maxilla), allowed to heal, and 4–6 months later an artificial tooth is connected to the implant by cement or retained by a screw.
Dentures (false teeth) — a partial or complete set of dentition which either attach to neighboring teeth by use of metal or plastic grasps or to the gingival or palatal surface by use of adhesive.
Implant-supported prosthesis — a combination of dentures and implants; bases are placed into the bone, allowed to heal, and metal appliances are fixed to the gingival surface, following which dentures are placed atop and fixed into place.
Orthodontic treatment
Implants and implant-supported prosthesis — also an orthodontic treatment as it involves bones
Apicoectomy — also an orthodontic treatment as part of the underlying bone structure must be removed
Extraction — a procedure in which a diseased, redundant, or problematic tooth is removed, either by pulling or cutting out. This procedure can be done under local or general anesthesia and is very common — many people have their wisdom teeth removed before they become problematic.
Fiberotomy — a procedure to sever the fibers around a tooth, preventing it from relapsing
Periodontics
Oral and maxillofacial surgery (a surgical specialty that usually requires both dental and medical qualification)

Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin. It is a speciality with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a specialist medical doctor who manages diseases related to skin, hair, nails, and some cosmetic problems.

What is a dermatologist?

A dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in conditions involving the skin, hair, and nails. A dermatologist can identify and treat more than 3,000 conditions. These conditions include eczema, psoriasis, and skin cancer, among many others.

The skin is an incredible organ. It is your first line of defense against disease, protects your other organs, warms you up and cools you down, and sends messages about how healthy you are inside. Dermatologists are expert medical doctors and skin surgeons with the unique skills and experience to offer the best care for the organ that cares for you.

Dermatologists have extensive training, going to school for 12 years or more to learn to diagnose and treat more than 3,000 diseases of the skin, hair, and nails as well as cosmetic concerns. Patients see dermatologists for issues that are much more than skin deep. Problems with their skin can harm patients’ sense of self-worth, create discomfort that can make everyday activities difficult, and, in some instances, threaten lives.

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology.

The endocrine system consists of several glands, all in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Therefore, endocrine glands are regarded as ductless glands. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone.

The endocrine system

Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system in the human body. This is a system of glands which secrete hormones. Hormones are chemicals that affect the actions of different organ systems in the body. Examples include thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and insulin. The endocrine system involves a number of feedback mechanisms, so that often one hormone (such as thyroid stimulating hormone) will control the action or release of another secondary hormone (such as thyroid hormone). If there is too much of the secondary hormone, it may provide negative feedback to the primary hormone, maintaining homeostasis.

In the original 1902 definition by Bayliss and Starling (see below), they specified that, to be classified as a hormone, a chemical must be produced by an organ, be released (in small amounts) into the blood, and be transported by the blood to a distant organ to exert its specific function. This definition holds for most "classical" hormones, but there are also paracrine mechanisms (chemical communication between cells within a tissue or organ), autocrine signals (a chemical that acts on the same cell), and intracrine signals (a chemical that acts within the same cell). A neuroendocrine signal is a "classical" hormone that is released into the blood by a neurosecretory neuron 

The Department of General Surgery uphold a multi-faceted mission – it provides superior patient care and specialized focus in the field of laproscopy, and endoscopic procedures. The Department examines over 650 patients each year. It performs about 8500 major and 650 minor operations every year.

Services Provided

Treatments and procedures performed in the Department of General Surgery includes the following:

Thyroid

Excision of Thyroglossal cyst, Hemithyroidectomy, Total thyroidectomy, Complete thyroidectomy, Parathyroid, Excision of single parathyroid adenoma, , Excision of Thyroglossal cyst, Total parathyroidectomy.

Salivary Glands

Submandibular gland excision, Superficial parotidectomy, Total parotidectomy, Drainage of parotid abscess.

Breast

Excision biopsy of breast lump, Wide local excision of breast lump, Wide local excision of breast lump + axillary clearance, Subcutaneous mastectomy, Modified Radical mastectomy, Simple mastectomy, Microdochectomy, Drainage of breast abscess, excision of breast lump.

Abdomen

Open & Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic Roux-en-y hepatico-jejunostomy, CBD Exploration, Open Choledocholithotomy, Distal pancreatectomy, Cyst-jejunostomy, Cyst-gastrostomy, Whipple’s operation, Distal pancreatectomy, Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy, Esophageal diverticulectomy, Enucleation of leiomyoma esophagus, Radical gastrectomy, Feeding gastrostomy, Laparotomy and repair of duodenal ulcer, Laparotomy with under running of bleeding peptic ulcer pyloric exclusion, Lap assisted resection and anastomosis, Lap repair of small bowel perforation, Laparoscopic adhesiolysis, Laparoscopic assisted splenectomy, Laparoscopic Splenectomy, Ileostomy, Closure of ileostomy, Repair of small bowel perforation, Splenectomy, Closure of small bowel perforation, Jejunal stricturoplasty, Feeding jejunostomy, Duodenojejunostomy, Appendicectomy, Drainage of appendicular abscess

Colon and Rectum

Right hemicolectomy, Subtotal colectomy, Seton revision, Colovesical fistula, Rectal biopsy, Hartman’s procedure, Thiersch Wiring for rectal prolapse, Laying open of low fistula in ano, Laying open of high fistula in ano + seton tie, Seton Removal, Incision and drainage of perianal abscess, Lateral sphincterotomy, Abdomino-perineal resection, Caecostomy, Colostomy closure, Examination under anaesthesia, Laying open of high fistula in ano, Laying open of residual anal fistula & Seton removal, Excision of fistula-in-ano, Incision and drainage of ischiorectal abscess, Anal dilation, Anal canal reconstruction, Excision of perianal nodule, Digital hemorrhoidal artery ligation, Doppler hemorrhoidal dearterialization, Seton replacement, Core excision of fistulous tract, Fistula repair by gracilis myocutaneous flap, Fissurectomy, Anal polypectomy, Laparoscopic assisted colectomy, Laparoscopic assisted APR, Endoscopic Stapled Haemorrhoidectomy, Laparoscopic left colectomy, Laparoscopic assisted colostomy, Laparoscopic abdominal rectopexy, Laparoscopic anterior resection, Laparoscopic appendectomy, Laparoscopic excision of ovarian cyst, Exploratory Laparotomy + biopsy, Diagnostic Laparoscopy, Diagnostic laparoscopy converted to open laparotomy, Laparoscopic assisted excision of retroperitoneal tumour, Exploratory Laparotomy, Diagnostic Laparoscopy + biopsy, Diagnostic laparoscopy with adhesiolysis, Exploratory laparotomy with adhesiolysis, Exploratory laparotomy with repair of liver laceration, Laparoscopic extraction of abdomen foreign body, Laparoscopic deroofing of hydatid cyst, Laparotomy with TAHBSO, Laparoscopic omentectomy, Omental resection, Drainage of abscess, Ovarian cystectomy, Retroperitoneal mass,

Hernia

Open inguinal mesh hernioplasty, Mini mesh hernioplasty, Litchenstein mesh repair of inguinal hernia, Anatomical repair of hernia, Onlay mesh repair of hernia, Inguinal herniotomy, Bassini repair of inguinal hernia, Repair of femoral hernia (preperitoneal approach), Mayo's repair (double breasting) of hernia, Mesh repair of hernia, Abdominoplasty, Parastomal hernia, Mesh repair of spigelian hernia, Mesh repair of incisional hernia, Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair of inguinal hernia, Laparoscopic intraperitoneal inlay mesh repair, Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair of inguinal hernia, Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair of ventral hernia, Endoscopic total extraperitoneal repair of inguinal hernia, Laparoscopic TEP repair of femoral hernia, Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair, Laparoscopic Mayo’s repair with meshplasty, Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair of incisional hernia

Urology

Nephrectomy, Nephrolithotomy, Pyelolithotomy, Extended pyelolithotomy, Retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy, Ureterolithotomy, Orchiectomy, Orchidopexy for undescended testis, Circumcision, Excision of hydrocele sac, Debridement of Fournier's gangrene scrotum, Pyeloplasty, Palomo's operation, Testicular biopsy, Vasectomy, Eversion of hydrocele sac, Excision of epididymal cyst, Excision of haematocele sac, Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, Laparoscopic pyeloplasty, Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy, Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy, Laparoscopic ligation of varicocele, Laparoscopic orchiectomy, Laparoscopic orchiectomy,

Vascular and Lymphatics

Trendelenburg's procedure + SEPS (Susfascial endoscopic peyoratons surgery) Amputation of digits, Below knee amputation, Insertion of drain (CT Guided), Fasciotomy, Transmetatarsal amputation, Removal of infected mesh, Bullet extraction, Trendelenburg’s procedure with stripping of SV & multiple phlebectomies, Tongue biopsy, Endoscopic sub-fascial ligation of varicose veins, Excision Haemangiomas (sub-cutaneous & intramuscular), Excision of lymphatic cysts.

Skin And Soft Tissue

Excision of lump, lipoma, parasitic cyst, sebaceous cyst, ganglion, wart. Incision biopsy, Excision biopsy, Incision & Drainage, Excision of carbuncle, Lymph node biopsy, Wedge excision of ingrowing toe nail, Removal of foreign body, Repair of torn ear lobule, Exploration of sinus, Wide excision, Excision of pilonidal sinus, Drainage of pilonidal abscess, Excision and primary closure of pilonidal sinus, Secondary suturing of wound, Debridement wound, Split skin grafting, Wound Exploration.

Surgery of skin & soft tissue malignancies.

Haermorrhoids, open haemorrhordectomy, stappled haemorrhoidectomy, surgery for fistula in Ano.

 Diabetic Foot Complications

Minimal access surgery, laperoscopic procedures such as Diagnostic Laproscopy, Laproscopic Appendicetomy, laproscopic cholecystectomy, laproscopic hernia repair, Laproscopic orchidopery.

Hematology (also spelled haematology in British English) is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, blood clots (thrombus), other bleeding disorders, and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The laboratory analysis of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist.

Specialization

Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists' interpreting various hematological test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also manage the hematology laboratory. Physicians who work in hematology laboratories, and most commonly manage them, are pathologists specialized in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, referred to as hematopathologists or haematopathologists. Hematologists and hematopathologists generally work in conjunction to formulate a diagnosis and deliver the most appropriate therapy

Training

Starting hematologists (in the US) complete a four-year medical degree followed by three or four more years in residency or internship programs. After completion, they further expand their knowledge by spending two or three more years learning how to experiment, diagnose, and treat blood disorders. When applying for this career, most job openings look for first-hand practical experience in a recognized training program that provides practice in the following: Cause of abnormalities in formation of blood and other disorders, diagnosis of numerous blood related conditions or cancers using experimentation, and the proper care and treatment of patients in the best manner. There are two parts in training of hematology; one is clinical hematology and another is hematopathology.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is called an Oncologist.

Cancer survival has improved due to three main components: improved prevention efforts to reduce exposure to risk factors (e.g., tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption), improved screening of several cancers (allowing for earlier diagnosis), and improvements in treatment.

Cancers are often managed through discussion on multi-disciplinary cancer conferences where medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and organ-specific oncologists meet to find the best possible management for an individual patient considering the physical, social, psychological, emotional, and financial status of the patient. It is very important for oncologists to keep up-to-date with the latest advancements in oncology, as changes in the management of cancer are quite common.

Because a cancer diagnosis can cause distress and anxiety, clinicians may use a number of strategies such as SPIKES for offering emotional support.

The department of microbiology at MAPIMS possesses a faculty & training programme that is one of the best in the field. State of art facility, including all equipments students lab, demonstration halls, bacteriology, virology, & immunology lab, research lab exist in the department.

The student’s lab as well as diagnostic lab is provided with digital microscope. For practical work each student will be allotted with binocular microscope. The department library is furnished with text books of several international & national authors. To add on to its pride, there is department museum with charts, model & various parasite specimens etc.

The routine diagnostic work will be done in the diagnostic lab which also caters to all the practical necessities of the students. Apart from routine curriculum, the student will have to take active part in seminars; problem based learning, short project work & quiz.

Nephrology (from Greek nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). The word “renal” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys”, and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" and "nephro" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney medicine" (instead of nephrology) or "kidney replacement therapy", other experts have advocated preserving the use of renal and nephro as appropriate including in "nephrology" and "renal replacement therapy", respectively.

Nephrology also studies systemic conditions that affect the kidneys, such as diabetes and autoimmune disease; and systemic diseases that occur as a result of kidney disease, such as renal osteodystrophy and hypertension. A physician who has undertaken additional training and become certified in nephrology is called a nephrologist.

The term "nephrology" was first used in about 1960, according to the French "néphrologie" proposed by Pr. Jean Hamburger in 1953, from the Greek νεφρός / nephrós (kidney). Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as "kidney medicine".

Scope

Nephrology concerns the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, including electrolyte disturbances and hypertension, and the care of those requiring renal replacement therapy, including dialysis and renal transplant patients. The word 'dialysis' is from the mid 19th century: via Latin from the Greek word 'dialusis'; from 'dialuein' (split, separate), from 'dia' (apart) and 'luein' (set free). In other words, dialysis replaces the primary (excretory) function of the kidney, which separates (and removes) excess toxins and water from the blood, placing them in the urine.

Many diseases affecting the kidney are systemic disorders not limited to the organ itself, and may require special treatment. Examples include acquired conditions such as systemic vasculitides (e.g. ANCA vasculitis) and autoimmune diseases , as well as congenital or genetic conditions such as polycystic kidney disease.[citation needed]

Patients are referred to nephrology specialists after a urinalysis, for various reasons, such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, hematuria, proteinuria, kidney stones, hypertension, and disorders of acid/base or electrolytes.

Neurology (from Greek: νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous systems (and their subdivisions, the autonomic and somatic nervous systems), including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system.

A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders. Neurologists treat a myriad of neurologic conditions, including stroke, seizures, movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, autoimmune neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis, headache disorders like migraine and dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Neurologists may also be involved in clinical research, clinical trials, and basic or translational research. While neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery.

The academic discipline began between the 15th and 16th centuries with the work and research of many neurologists such as Thomas Willis, Robert Whytt, Matthew Baillie, Charles Bell, Moritz Heinrich Romberg, Duchenne de Boulogne, William A. Hammond, Jean-Martin Charcot, C. Miller Fisher and John Hughlings Jackson. Neo-Latin neurologia appeared in various texts from 1610 denoting an anatomical focus on the nerves (variably understood as vessels), and was most notably used by Willis, who preferred Greek νευρολογία.

Many neurologists also have additional training or interest in one area of neurology, such as stroke, epilepsy, headache, neuromuscular disorders, sleep medicine, pain management, or movement disorders.

In the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians who have completed a postgraduate training period known as residency specializing in neurology after graduation from medical school. This additional training period typically lasts four years, with the first year devoted to training in internal medicine. On average, neurologists complete a total of eight to ten years of training. This includes four years of medical school, four years of residency and an optional one to two years of fellowship. 

While neurologists may treat general neurologic conditions, some neurologists go on to receive additional training focusing on a particular subspecialty in the field of neurology. These training programs are called fellowships, and are one to two years in duration. Subspecialties include brain injury medicine, clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disabilities, neuromuscular medicine, pain medicine, sleep medicine, neurocritical care, vascular neurology (stroke), behavioral neurology, child neurology, headache, multiple sclerosis, neuroimaging, neurooncology, and neurorehabilitation.

In Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology. Up to the 1960s, some intending to become neurologists would also spend two years working in psychiatric units before obtaining a diploma in psychological medicine. However, that was uncommon and, now that the MRCPsych takes three years to obtain, would no longer be practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression. Many found it was eased after an attachment to the Institute of Neurology at Queen Square, London. Some neurologists enter the field of rehabilitation medicine (known as physiatry in the US) to specialise in neurological rehabilitation, which may include stroke medicine, as well as traumatic brain injuries.

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system.

In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school.

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear medicine imaging, in a sense, is "radiology done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For such reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine. In nuclear medicine imaging, radiopharmaceuticals are taken internally, for example, through inhalation, intravenously or orally. Then, external detectors (gamma cameras) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals. This process is unlike a diagnostic X-ray, where external radiation is passed through the body to form an image.

What is nuclear medicine?
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions and to diagnose and treat disease. Specially designed cameras allow doctors to track the path of these radioactive tracers. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography or SPECT and Positron Emission Tomography or PET scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology (also spelled as Obstetrics and Gynecology; abbreviated as Obs and Gynae, O&G, OB-GYN and OB/GYN) is the medical specialty that encompasses the two subspecialties of obstetrics (covering pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period) and gynecology (covering the health of the female reproductive system – vagina, uterus, ovaries, and breasts).

Postgraduate training programs for both fields are usually combined, preparing the practising obstetrician-gynecologist to be adept both at the care of female reproductive organs' health and at the management of pregnancy, although many doctors go on to develop subspecialty interests in one field or the other.

Students interested in this area of body science are guided by a team of dedicated faculty members with excellent teaching resources. The sessions are a mix of both theoretical/practical training and pre-clinical knowledge instruction. Regular symposia, seminars and journal club meetings create forums for the exchange of ideas. Faculty members use both vertical and horizontal methods of lecture and demonstration classes so that students can have a deeper understanding of applied physiology.

Curriculum

The undergraduate students are given a sound grounding in the basics of physiology. The curriculum is comprised of lectures backed by practical classes where students apply concepts in real time. The postgraduate program imparts to students a detailed look at physiology, instructing them through tutorials, seminars and group discussions and motivating them in research activities of their interest under the guidance of expert faculty.

The P.G. course in the Department of Psychiatry at Katuri Medical College & Hospital was started in 2009. Since then, the department has been actively involved in clinical care, training students from various streams, research and community work.
Professionals from Psychology and Psychiatric Social Work are involved in management of each patient, so that the care provided is holistic. Treatment approaches used are according to the various international standard guidelines. The students are benefited from this approach of care and are better skilled
 

Key Features 

• The department has been part of Katuri Medical College & Hospital for the last 8 years.
• Involved in treating patients with mental health problems and also liaises with other departments of the hospital in managing psychological issues in medically ill.
• Involved in training undergraduate and postgraduate students.
• The faculty in the department are experienced and involved in imparting skills and knowledge to the students and dedicated to patient care.
• The curriculum and training in this department is on par with national institutes.
• Faculty are actively involved in research

Area of Study :

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. These include various affective, behavioral, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities.
Human body and mind are interrelated, and illness of body affect the mind and vice versa. There can be no health without a healthy mind. The combined treatment of psychoactive medication and psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment in current practice, but current practice also includes widely ranging variety of other modalities. While the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically and continue to do so. Over the years the field of psychiatry has evolved and has become less conceptually isolated from other fields of medicine.

Human body and mind are interrelated, and illness of body affect the mind and vice versa. There can be no health without a healthy mind. The combined treatment of psychoactive medication and psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment in current practice, but current practice also includes widely ranging variety of other modalities. While the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically and continue to do so. Over the years the field of psychiatry has evolved and has become less conceptually isolated from other fields of medicine.