MS Ophthalmology

Syllabus of MS Ophthalmology

P.G. Curriculum

M.S. Ophthalmology

Index

Goal
Objective
Syllabus
Teaching program
Posting
Thesis
Assessment
Job responsibilities
Suggested books
Model Test Papers

P.G. Curriculum

MS Ophthalmology

The infrastructure and faculty of the Department of Ophthalmology will be as per the MCI guidelines.

1. Goal

The goal of MS course in Ophthalmology is to produce a competent ophthalmologist who:

Recognizes the health needs of and carries out professional obligations in keeping with principles of National Health Policy and professional ethics;
Has acquired the competencies pertaining to Ophthalmology that are required to be practiced in the community and at all levels of health care system;
Has acquired skills in effectively communicating with the patient, family and the community;
Is aware of the contemporary advances and developments in medical sciences as related to eye care;
Is oriented to principles of research methodology
Has acquired skills in educating medical and paramedical professionals.

2. Objectives

At the end of the MS course in Ophthalmology, the student should be able to
Recognize the key importance of ocular health in the context of the health priority of the country;
Practice the speciality of Opthalmology in keeping with the principles of professional ethics;
Identify social, economic, environmental, biological and emotional determinants of patients and institute diagnostic, therapeutic, rehabilitative, preventive and promotive measures to provide holistic care to the patients;
Recognize the importance of growth and development as the foundation of Ophthalmolgy; and help each patient realize her/his optimal potential in this regard;
Take detailed history, perform full ocular examination including anterior and posterior segment of eye and neuro ophthalmology and make clinical diagnosis;
Perform relevant investigative and therapeutic procedures for the patient;
Interpret important imaging and laboratory results;
Diagnose ocular ailment on the analysis of history, ocular examination and investigative work up;
Plan and advise measures for the prevention of eye diseases and visual disability.
Carryout common surgical procedures independently.
Plan rehabilitation of patients suffering from ocular illness and handicap, and those with special needs;
Manage ocular emergencies efficiently;
Recognize the emotional and behavioral characteristics of visually disabled patient and keep these fundamental attributes in focus while dealing with them; Demonstrate communication skills of a high order in explaining management and prognosis, providing counseling and giving health education messages to patients, families and communities;
Develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing educational needs; use appropriate learning resources, and critically analyze relevant published literature in order to practice evidence-based ophthalmology;
Demonstrate competence in basic concepts of research methodology and epidemiology;
Facilitate learning of medical/nursing students, practicing physicians, paramedical health workers and other providers as a teacher-trainer;
Play the assigned role in the implementation of National Programs For Control of Blindness, effectively and responsibly;
Function as a productive member of a team engaged in eye care, research and education.

3. Syllabus

3.1. Theory

During the training period effort should always be made that adequate time is spent in discussing ocular health problems of public health importance in the country.

Section I: Anatomy and Physiology

Embryology and Anatomy
Physiology of the Eye
The Physiology of Vision
The Neurology of Vision

Section II: Ophthalmic Optics Elementary Optics

Elementary Physiological Optics
Refraction
Refractive Errors of the Eye

Section III: Ocular Examination Techniques and Ocular Therapeutics

Ocular Symptomatology
Assessment of Visual Function
Examination of the Anterior Segment
Examination of the Posterior Segment and Orbit
Ocular Therapeutics
Ocular Microbiology

Section IV: Diseases of the Eye

Diseases of the Conjunctiva
Diseases of the Cornea
Diseases of the Sclera
Diseases of the Uveal Tract
The Lens
The Glaucomas
Diseases of the Retina
Diseases of the Vitreous
Diseases of the Optic Nerve
Intraocular Tumours
Injuries to the Eye

Section V: Disorders of Motility

Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor Mechanism
Comitant strabismus
Incomitant Strabismus

Section VI: Diseases of the Adnexa Diseases of the Lids

Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Diseases of the Orbit

Section VII: Systemic Ophthalmology

Diseases of the Nervous System with Ocular Manifestations
Ocular Manifestatioins of Systemic Disorders
Systemic drugs – Effects on eye

Section VIII: Preventive Ophthalmology Genetic Ophthalmology

The Causes and Prevention of Blindness
Eye Banking
Eye Camps

Section IX: Surgical Instruments in Ophthalmology

Surgical Instruments in Ophthalmology
Local Anaesthesia in Ophthalmology
Lasers in Ophthalmology

3.2 Practical

During the training period, PG students should learn various clinical and skilled work. PG’s should be encouraged to perform the procedures (both minor & major including) given below:

Minor Procedures

Thorough ocular examination.
Pediatric ocular examination.
Removal of Corneal/ forniceal foreign body.
Syringing and probing
Pterygium excision
Chalazion excision
I & D for Adnexal infections(stye)
Posterior/Anterior sub tenon injection
Intravitreal injection
Tarsorraphy
Epilation
Corneal Scrapping
Conjuctival swab
Anterior chamber tap
Subconjuctival injection

Major Procedures

Cataract Surgery with IOL implantation
Glaucoma surgery
Lid surgeries including entropion, ectropion & ptosis
Ocular trauma management
Enucleation, Evisceration (and Exenteration)
Corneal transplant
Basic Squint Surgery

Surgical Training

It may be helpful to expose all PG students to artificial eye for various surgical steps and to hone surgical skills.

Surgical Skills

Thoroughly examine the eye
Treat medical conditions
Perform all minor and at least Cataract and Glaucoma surgery

4.0 Teaching Program

4.1. General Principles

Acquisition of practical competencies being the keystone of postgraduate medical education, postgraduate training is skill oriented. Learning in postgraduate program should essentially be self-directed and primarily emanating from clinical and academic work. The formal sessions should merely be meant to supplement this core effort.

4.2 Teaching Sessions

Seminar presentations including detailed topics covering all aspects of ophthalmology shall be taken up by the residents
Journal clubs shall be held for having wider view of the subject and latest research work and papers discussed in routine.
Case discussions should be mandatory for PG students so as to be expert in clinical examination, reach a diagnosis and then plan for appropriate and required management.

4.3. Teaching Schedule

In addition to bedside teaching rounds, in the department there should be daily hourly sessions of formal teaching per week. The suggested departmental teaching schedule is as follows:

1. Seminar Presentation	Once a week
2. Journal Club	Once a week
3. PG Case Discussion	Once a week
4. Seminar Presentation	Once a week
5. Journal Club	Once a week
6. PG Case Discussion / Central Session	Once a week

Note:

All sessions shall be attended by all the faculty members except for those on emergency duties. All Junior and Senior Residents are supposed to attend the session.
All teaching sessions should be assessed by all consultants at the end of session and log books signed.
Attendance of the Residents at various sessions has to be at least 75%.

research paper.

5. Posting

All PG students shall be posted in Eye OPD and ward on rotation.
OT duties shall be mandatory for all PG students and has to be taken up as per monthly roster.
PG students should be posted in emergency to deal with any ocular emergency in casualty.
All PG students should be posted in various basic Departments (Anatomy, Pathology and microbiology) for a period of minimum 2 weeks each.
Effort should be made to expose PG students to the latest techniques even though they may have to be sent for sometime to the centers performing and using latest instruments or surgeries.

6. Thesis

Every candidate shall carry out work on an assigned research project under the guidance of a recognized Postgraduate Teacher, the project shall be written and submitted in the form of Thesis.
Every candidate shall submit thesis plan to the University within six months from the date of admission.
Thesis shall be submitted to the University six months before the commencement of theory examination i.e. for examination May/June session, 30^th November of the preceding year of examination and for November/December session 31^st May of the year of examination.
Identify a relevant research question;(II) conduct a critical review of literature;(iii)formulate a hypothesis;(iv) determine the most suitable study design;(v) state the objectives of the study;(vi) prepare a study protocol; (vii) analyze and interpret research data, and draw conclusions ;(ix) write a research paper.

7. Assessment

All the PG residents should be assessed daily for their academic activities and also periodically.

7.1. General Principles

The assessment is valid, objective and reliable.
It covers cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains.
Formative, continuing and summative (final) assessment is also conducted in theory as well as practical/clinicals. In addition, thesis is also assessed separately.

7.2. Formative Assessment

The formative assessment is continuous as well as end-of-term. The former is to be based on the feedback from the senior residents and the consultants concerned.
End-of-term assessment is held at the end of each semester(upto the 5^th semester).
Fomative assessment will not count towards pass/fail at the end of the program, but will provide feedback to the candidate.

7.3. Internal assessment

The performance of the Postgraduate student during the training period should be monitored throughout the course and duly recorded in the log books as evidence of the ability and daily work of the student. Marks should be allotted out of 100 as followed.

Sr. No. Items Marks

Personal Attributes 20
Clinical Work 20
Academic activities 20
End of term theory examination 20
End of term practical examination 20

Personal attributes:

Behavior and Emotional Stability: Dependable, disciplined, dedicated, stable in emergency situations, shows positive approach.

Motivation and Initiative: Takes on responsibility, innovative, enterprising, does not shirk duties or leave any work pending.

Honesty and Integrity: Truthful, admits mistakes, does not cook up information, has ethical conduct, exhibits good moral values, loyal to the institution.

Interpersonal Skills and Leadership Quality: Has compassionate attitude towards patients and attendants, gets on well with colleagues and paramedical staff, is respectful to seniors, has good communication skills.

Clinical Work:

Availability: Punctual, available continuously on duty, responds promptly on calls and takes proper permission for leave.

Diligence: Dedicated, hardworking, does not shirk duties, leaves no work pending, does not sit idle, competent in clinical case work up and management.

Academic ability: Intelligent, shows sound knowledge and skills, participates adequately in academic activities, and performs well in oral presentation and departmental tests.

Clinical Performance: Proficient in clinical presentations and case discussion during rounds and OPD work up. Preparing Documents of the case history/examination and progress notes in the file (daily notes, round discussion, investigations and management) Skill of performing bed side procedures and handling emergencies.

Academic Activity: Performance during presentation at Journal club/ Seminar/ Case discussion/Stat meeting and other academic sessions. Proficiency in skills as mentioned in job responsibilities.

End of term theory examination conducted at end of 1^st, 2^nd year and after 2 years 9 months

End of term practical/oral examinations after 2 years 9 months.

Marks for personal attributes and clinical work should be given annually by all the consultants under whom the resident was posted during the year. Average of the three years should be put as the final marks out of 20.

Marks for academic activity should be given by the all consultants who have attended the session presented by the resident.

The Internal assessment should be presented to the Board of examiners for due consideration at the time of Final Examinations.

7.4. Summative Assessment

Ratio of marks in theory and practicals will be equal.
The pass percentage will be 50%.
Candidates will have to pass theory and practical examinations separately.

A. Theory examination (Total = 400 marks)

Paper Title Marks

Paper 1: Basic Ophthalmology 100

Paper 2: Clinical Ophthalmology 100

Paper 3: Principle and practices of surgery and

100 related topics.

Paper 4: Recent Advances in Ophthalmology 100

B. Practical & Viva voce examination (Total = 400 marks)

Format of Practicals

Type of case	Marks
1 Long Case	70
2 Short Cases (20 each)	40
2 Fundus Cases (20 each)	40
Spotting-(10 each) Any 5 of them.	50

Fundus Photograph

FFA

USG(A&B Scan)

X-rays

Perimetry

CT/MRI

OCT

Corneal Topography

HRT/GDx

Surgical Instruments/steps 50

Dark Room examination/Refraction 50

Oral (Grand Viva) 100

8. Job Responsibilities

During first year the resident will work under direct supervision of the 2^nd/3^rdyear resident/senior resident and consultant on call. She/he will be responsible for taking detailed history, examination of patients as per the file record and send appropriate investigations as advised by seniors. Initially all procedures are to be observed and then done under supervision of seniors and during 2^nd/3^rd year can do procedures independently.
In 2^nd year, resident is posted in special clinics like Cornea clinic, Uveitis Clinic and Glaucoma Clinic also and making of discharge cards including referrals.
In 3 rd year, resident is also encourged to make independet decisions in management of cases. She/he is also involved in teaching of undergraduate students.
In 2^nd and 3^rd year Junior Residents should be performing surgeries stepwise and then independently under the guidance of Senior Residents/ Consultants.

9. Suggested Books

Core books

Parson’s Diseases of the Eye	Sihota & TandonClinical
Ophthalmology Reference Books	Kanski.J.J
Ophthalmology	Yanoff Duker
Retina	Stephen. J. Ryan
Systems of Ophthalmology	Duke Elder

Principles and Practices of Ophthalmology Peyman, Sander &

Goldberg

Diagnosis and Therapy of Glaucoma Becker Shaffer

Glaucoma Chandler & Grant

Refraction Duke Elder

Practical Orthoptics in treatment of Squint Keith Lyall

Mastering Phacoemulsification	Paul. S.Koch
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye	A.K.Khurana
Glaucoma	Shields
Cataract Surgery and its complications	Jaffe
Stallard’s Eye Surgery	Stallards
Automated Static Perimetry	Anderson and Patela
Cornea	Smolin

Journals

American Journal of Ophthalmology British Journal of Ophthalmology Archives in Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

International Ophthalmology Clinics

10. Model Test Papers

Paper-I

Basic Ophthalmology

Max. Marks:100

Time: 3 hrs

Attempt ALL questions
Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
ALL questions carry equal marks
Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS

Which structures of eye have ectodermal origin. Describe diagrammatically the development of crystalline lens.
List techniques to examine fundus of eye. Diagrammatically show the optics of direct ophthalmoscopy.
Define Accomodation. How it is affected by age and what do you understand by progressive glasses.
Briefly write about Histology of ciliary body(pars plicata). What is the role of ciliary epithelium in aqueous formation.
Shortly write about iris histology. Describe blood supply of choroid.
What is subjective correction of astigmatism. Describe two methods of subjective detection of astigmatism.
Role of systemic steroids in eye diseases especially uveitis. Discuss various side effects of its long term use.
Discuss biochemical and anatomical features of vitreous. How its degeneration affects the health of retina.
What do you understand by tear drainage pathways. Write in detail about the lacrimal pump.
Briefly discuss one most important theory of colour vision. Briefly write about colour vision tests.

Paper-II

Clinical Ophthalmology

Max. Marks:100

Time: 3 hrs

- Attempt ALL questions
- Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
- ALL questions carry equal marks
- Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS

Discuss pathological features of Retinoblastoma with diagram and effect of pathological presentation and management.
Discuss etiology and management of VI^thnerve palsy.
Discuss the management of Delayed post operative endophthalmitis.
Discuss pathology and management of congenital glaucoma.
Write about the pathology and its clinical implications in a patient with Chronic

Simple Glaucoma.

Write about pathology of ARMD and illustrate its clinical significance in management of ARMD.
How will you investigate a case of ulcerative keratitis of 7 days origin with reference to basic microbiological investigations.
Aeitiopathogenesis of blunt trauma to orbit and surgical management of fracture roof of maxillary sinus.
Enumerate Biochemical and Pathological changes in Endocrine Exophthalmos

with their significance.

Write about the pathology of senile cataract. How these changes affect the

Cataract management with phacoemulsification.

Paper-III

Principle and Practices of Surgery and Related Topics

Max. Marks:100

Time: 3 hrs

- Attempt ALL questions
- Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
- ALL questions carry equal marks
- Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS

Discuss the role of Newer Antifungal drugs in Ophthalmology.
Enumerate various drug delivery routes which can be used in a case of post-operative endophthalmitis.
Write clinical features of PDR and how you will manage a patient of PDR.
Name various dyes used in eye. What is the significance of investigative dyes in Ophthalmology.
Define LASER. How lasers are helpful in posterior segment eye diseases.
Discuss various mydriatics and cycloplegics drugs along with their mechanism of action.
Enumerate various filteration procedures. How antimetabolites affect success rate of surgical management of Glaucoma.
What are the age changes seen at fovea. How will a diagnosed case of wet ARMD managed.
What is conventional phacoemulsification. Also write about the modern variations in emulsification of cataractous lens.
Define and enumerate causes of entropion. Discuss treatment of cicatritial entropion.

Paper-IV

Recent advances in Ophthalmology

Max. Marks:100

Time: 3 hrs

- Attempt ALL questions
- Answer each question & its parts in SEQUENTIAL ORDER
- ALL questions carry equal marks
- Illustrate your answer with SUITABLE DIAGRAMS

What are the causes of Dry eye. Discuss changing trends in diagnosis and management of Dry eye.
How will you diagnose and manage a case of Keratoconus in 2009.
Write briefly imaging techniques for anterior segment of eye.
What is Plus disease of ROP. Discuss role of LIO in Retinopathy of

prematurity.

What is aetiopathogenesis of wet ARMD. Write about the recent advances in medical management of CNVM.
Enumerate causes of Blindness in India. What steps have been taken at

National level to eradicate it.